{"id":105,"date":"2018-05-01T14:41:40","date_gmt":"2018-05-01T14:41:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/?post_type=performance&#038;p=105"},"modified":"2023-12-20T17:02:21","modified_gmt":"2023-12-20T17:02:21","slug":"ssl-tls","status":"publish","type":"performance","link":"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/performance\/ssl-tls\/","title":{"rendered":"Secure Sockets Layer\/Transport Layer Security (SSL\/TLS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"t3\">What is SSL\/TLS<\/h2>\n<p>Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and its successor, Transport Layer Security (TLS) are protocols that provide private, encrypted communication across networks.<\/p>\n<p>The benefits of an SSL\/TLS connection include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"lato-bold-text\">Privacy<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 Communication between two connected networks is secured by a unique key that can\u2019t be obtained by a third party.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"lato-bold-text\">Authentication<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 The identity of the communicating parties is verified using a public-key cryptogram.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"lato-bold-text\">Integrity<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 An authentication algorithm determines whether a message has been altered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Transport layer security was released in 1999 as an updated version of SSL. The protocol has been shown to plug certain vulnerabilities in SSL 3.0, including those exploited in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/POODLE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2014 POODLE attack<\/a>\u00a0in which attackers decrypted and extracted information from inside an encrypted transaction.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"t3\">SSL\/TLS Certificates<\/h2>\n<p>An SSL\/TLS certificate is a data file that encrypts information sent to a server and authenticates the identity of a website. Applications, browsers and operating systems maintain a list of root certificates provided by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA).<\/p>\n<p>There are several types of SSL\/TLS certificates, including single-name certificates that protect one subdomain, wildcard certificates that protect unlimited subdomains, and multi-domain certificates. There are two forms of multi-domain certificates:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"lato-bold-text\">Subject Alternative Name (SAN)<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 SAN allows identities, such as an email address, DNS name, IP or URL to be bound to the subject of a certificate. This provides the ability to secure multiple domains with a single certificate.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"lato-bold-text\">Unified Communications Certificate (UCC)<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 UCC protects the Microsoft Exchange Server and Office Communications Server, allowing them to connect with multiple web services securely.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Yet another type of SSL certificate is Extended Validation (EV). EV certificates reassure users that they are viewing a website that is owned by the legal entity that purchased the SSL certificate, not an impostor site. The user\u2019s browser displays a green address bar containing the name of the legal entity to confirm the site\u2019s validity.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_106\" style=\"width: 571px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-106\" class=\"wp-image-106 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ev-certificate.jpg\" alt=\"An example of an EV certificate\" width=\"561\" height=\"36\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ev-certificate.jpg 561w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ev-certificate-300x19.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ev-certificate-510x33.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ev-certificate-150x10.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ev-certificate-420x27.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ev-certificate-227x15.jpg 227w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-106\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">EV certificate example<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Each SSL\/TLS certificate has to be hosted on a unique IP address. Because CDNs aren\u2019t able to allocate a standalone IP for every website using their service, multi-domain certificates are typically used.<\/p>\n<p>However, many CDNs offer premium features that enable the customer to rent an individual IP address, which is especially useful for an organization that wants to use their own custom\/EV certificates.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"t3\">SSL Handshake<\/h2>\n<p>For an SSL\/TLS connection to be established, the following process must take place:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>At the TCP layer, the client sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the server.<\/li>\n<li>The server sends a SYN-ACK (synchronize-acknowledge) packet back to the client.<\/li>\n<li>The server sends an ACK (acknowledge) packet to the server. Together with the ACK packet, an SSL\/TLS client also sends a\u00a0<code>client hello<\/code>\u00a0message that includes cryptographic algorithms (cipher suites) and a random byte string.<\/li>\n<li>The server responds with a\u00a0<code>ServerHello<\/code>\u00a0message containing the chosen cipher suite, a session ID, digital certificate and another random byte string. If required, the server issues a client certificate request containing the supported certificate types and CA names.<\/li>\n<li>The client verifies the server\u2019s certificate, and then sends a\u00a0<code>ClientKeyExchange<\/code>\u00a0\u2013 the random byte string used to create an encryption key. If necessary, the client also provides a private key and its own client certificate, or a warning that no certificate exists. Lastly the client sends a\u00a0<code>ChangeCipherSpec<\/code>\u00a0message to say that from here on, communication will be encrypted using the negotiated key and cipher suite.<\/li>\n<li>The server responds with a\u00a0<code>ChangeCipherSpec<\/code>\u00a0message to confirm.<\/li>\n<li>The client and server can now exchange requests and responses for the duration of the session. The messages are symmetrically encrypted by the secret key.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-107 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake.png\" alt=\"An SSL handshake establishes an SSL\/TLS connection between client and server\" width=\"902\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake.png 902w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake-768x438.png 768w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake-641x365.png 641w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake-510x291.png 510w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake-88x50.png 88w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake-632x360.png 632w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-handshake-420x239.png 420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 902px) 100vw, 902px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"t3\">The Benefits of Using CDNs with SSL\/TLS<\/h2>\n<p>When a secure socket layer client connects to your website via a CDN, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/performance\/cdn-and-ssl-tls\/#ssl-handshake\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SSL handshake<\/a>\u00a0occurs between the client and the CDN proxy server \u2013 not the origin server hosting your site.<\/p>\n<p>In parallel, a second encrypted communication channel is open between CDN and your origin.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-108 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl.jpg\" alt=\"Using a CDN speeds up the SSL handshake\" width=\"704\" height=\"162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl.jpg 704w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl-300x69.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl-670x154.jpg 670w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl-510x117.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl-150x35.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl-660x152.jpg 660w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl-420x97.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/cdn-ssl-217x50.jpg 217w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Using the CDN to service SSL\/TLS traffic has the following advantages:<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"t3\">Better Performance<\/h2>\n<p>A CDN reduces the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/performance\/round-trip-time-rtt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">round trip time (RTT)<\/a>\u00a0experienced by your users, because they interact with a local CDN proxy server and not directly with your (likely more remotely located) origin.<\/p>\n<p>This has significant benefits for the speed at which a transport layer security session can be established, since the TLS\/SSL handshake involves six exchanges, equal to three times the user\u2019s RTT.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a CDN that reduces RTT from 50ms to 20ms will reduce the TLS handshake time from 150ms (three times the RTT) to just 60ms, (as seen in the image below).<\/p>\n<p>In addition, CDNs use optimized settings, such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/performance\/cdn-and-ssl-tls\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">False Start and Session Resumption<\/a>\u00a0to improve performance.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-109 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn.png\" alt=\"Using a CDN with SSL\/TLS accelerates performance and reduces RTT\" width=\"824\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn.png 824w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn-768x479.png 768w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn-585x365.png 585w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn-510x318.png 510w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn-80x50.png 80w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn-577x360.png 577w, https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/01\/ssl-cdn-420x262.png 420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 824px) 100vw, 824px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"ddos-banner\"><div class=\"wrap\"><p>See how Imperva CDN can help you with website performance.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cta-container\">\n                                                    <a class=\"impv-yellow-btn\"  event-action=\"Click\"  event-category=\"LC Banner\"  event-label=\"Request demo\"  gtm-track  target=\"_self\" href=\"javascript:openModal('modalid3533', '\/learn\/banner\/virtual\/request-demo\/', 'Personal Demo Request | Imperva');\">Request demo<\/a>\n                                                    <a class=\"gst-yellow-dark-text-btn\"  event-action=\"Click\"  event-category=\"LC Banner\"  event-label=\"Learn more\"  gtm-track  target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/products\/cdn-content-delivery-network\/\">Learn more<\/a>\n                                                <\/div><\/div><\/div><h2 class=\"t3\">Better Security<\/h2>\n<p>When using a CDN, the user\u2019s SSL\/TLS client connects to the CDN\u2019s SSL certificate, not your own certificate. A CDN\u2019s certificate is usually of the highest grade, i.e., A+.<\/p>\n<p>This means that using a CDN will provide your users with the highest level of SSL security, regardless of the certificate that\u2019s being used on your origin server.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, using a CDN is an easy way to enforce\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/blog\/hsts-strict-transport-security\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 a security mechanism that enables easy site-wide TLS protection.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[7],"class_list":["post-105","performance","type-performance","status-publish","hentry","category-cdn-guide"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>SSL\/TLS | Imperva<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SSL\/TLS secures websites by providing private and encrypted communication across networks. Learn how CDNs can further protect your website when using the transport layer security protocol.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/performance\/ssl-tls\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SSL\/TLS | Imperva\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"SSL\/TLS secures websites by providing private and encrypted communication across networks. 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